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Peri-implant diseases, specifically peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, are inflammatory conditions affecting peri-implant tissues induced by peri-implant biofilms. Peri-implant mucositis is a reversible condition. Its primary etiology is host-microbial homeostasis disruption at the implant-mucosa interface. Factors associated with peri-implant mucositis include biofilm accumulation…

The clinical guidelines for the treatment of clients with periodontitis stages I-III published by the European Federation of Periodontology in 2020 suggest providing treatment for periodontitis in a preestablished stepwise approach. After the client is informed of their condition, the first step…

Dental implants are a routine treatment modality requiring ongoing maintenance. Several factors can influence the long-term survival of dental implants, including biological and mechanical complications, which can affect their clinical outcomes. Biological complications involve inflammatory conditions, such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis.…

Halitosis refers to an unpleasant or foul odour originating from the oral cavity. It can be caused by either intraoral or extraoral factors, with intraoral factors playing a significant role in the majority of cases. Halitosis is the most prevalent cause for…

Successful treatment of periodontitis involves root surface decontamination and infection control in periodontal pockets. In the 1970s and 1980s, scaling, root planing, and gingival curettage were common treatments for periodontitis; and surgical treatments, such as gingivectomy, flap surgeries, and resective therapy, were…

Dental caries, which are caused by cariogenic microorganisms in plaque biofilms, are a major public health problem worldwide, affecting about 2.43 billion people to varying degrees. The prevalence of dental caries in children is increasing in many countries. Globally, an estimated 514…

Orthodontic treatment through fixed appliances, such as orthodontic bands, brackets, archwires, ligatures, and auxiliaries, often complicates oral hygiene procedures and facilitates biofilm accumulation on both the teeth and the surfaces of these appliances. Periodontal self-care and oral hygiene procedures, in conjunction with…

Denture stomatitis is a common condition, which refers to diffuse or localized erythematous inflammation of the denture-bearing area. Between 20% and 80% of denture wearers are affected worldwide, with some studies suggesting a slightly higher incidence in females. It is also more…